On the Trails of the Sertão: Writings on culture and politics in Ceará
Synopsis
In 1923, Oliveira Vianna advanced the thesis that change in Brazil would always occur without popular participation and in a peaceful manner, free from major upheavals. This thesis may well have inspired interpretations such as the notion of an Independence achieved without turmoil. Ten years after Vianna, Gilberto Freyre formulated the thesis of racial democracy; three years later still—at the dawn of the *Estado Novo*—Sérgio Buarque de Holanda developed the concept of the "cordial man," based on the idea that Brazilians were deeply driven by personal connections and had little regard for formalities.
It must be noted, however, that for Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, the concept of the "cordial man" was not linked to the idea of kindness or benevolence (an interpretation later attributed to the historian); rather, it referred to the "practices of the heart"—describing an individual motivated by personal, rather than formal, relationships. It represents, therefore, the antithesis of impartiality—a characteristic these historians associated with the capitalist world—whereas Brazil was understood as the opposite of liberal capitalism.
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